癌症有超過一百個種類,一般可依據癌細胞原發部位來分類,例如肺癌、乳癌等;另外能根據不同組織或細胞做以下分類:
癌症是一组可影响身体任何部位的多种疾病的通称。使用的其它术语为恶性肿瘤和赘生物。癌症的一个决定性特征是异常细胞快速生成,这些细胞超越其通常边界生长并可侵袭身体的临近部位和扩散到其它器官。后者被称为转移。广泛转移是癌症死亡的主要原因。
免疫治疗是当前的研究前沿热点内容,我们也专门总结了一篇免疫治疗方法(详见, 放链接)。其目的主要是通过激发、增强患者本身免疫细胞的免疫功能进行控制、 杀灭肿瘤、以及自身的抗癌过程。其部分方法已开始临床应用,但需要注意多数免疫 治疗还不够成熟,且价格相对高昂,绝大多数仍处于研究阶段。
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肿瘤在其生长过程中,虽然能够暂时通过建立新生血管解决自身给养问题,但是快速的增长一样会将之推向资源和空间匮乏的边缘。隨著腫瘤細胞持續生長,在這樣競爭的壓力下,这时肿瘤就会扩散。而这种肿瘤在生长过程中侵略性不断增加的过程则被称为演进(development)。具体的行为则是生长的加快,并且开始入侵周遭的正常组织(癌症浸润),并且通过血管转移到远端(癌症转移)。
這種擴散會使治療複雜化,因為轉移性癌症需要更密集和全身的方法。 癌細胞通常通過以下方式擴散:
症状性癌症的早期诊断在所有环境中并且对大多数癌症都意义重大。癌症规划应旨在减少诊断、治疗和支持性护理方面的延误和障碍。
An additional mutation may well induce the lack of a tumor suppressor gene, disrupting the apoptosis signaling pathway and immortalizing the mobile.
Employers can also make employing or firing decisions based upon misconceptions about most cancers disabilities, if present. The EEOC provides job interview guidelines for companies, along with lists of feasible solutions for evaluating and accommodating personnel with cancer.[253]
Some varieties of cancer are named for the scale and form with the cells underneath a microscope, which include big cell carcinoma, spindle mobile carcinoma and smaller-cell carcinoma.
物理致癌物,例如紫外线和电离辐射;而异物刺激、创伤、慢性炎症等会促进恶变进程。
Just one concept about why people with most cancers are blamed or stigmatized, called the just-globe fallacy, 癌症 is the fact that blaming most cancers to the client's actions or attitudes will allow the blamers to regain a way of Command.
If a human could live lengthy more than enough, it truly is inescapable that a minimum of certainly one of his or her cells would finally accumulate a set of mutations enough for most cancers to develop. ^
根據組織診斷可判定腫瘤的生長程度,其病程的分級和其他腫瘤特徵。這樣的資訊對於判斷病患的預後情形和選擇最佳治療方式上非常有用。細胞遺傳學和免疫組織化學染色法對於提供有關癌細胞未來可能的發展情況以及選擇治療方式上,都佔有相當重要的角色。